Advanced Biology- 2011-2012 Check this site often -due dates can change and assignments may be added during the course of a unit of study. Homework Policy-         You must abide by the Honor Code- You may not work with other students on any assignment unless specified by me. Cheating, Lying, Stealing, or Plagiarism will not be tolerated.         If your homework is not with you in class when I ask for it, you will receive a zero (unless there is a truly valid reason).         All homework must be done on computer- some assignments may be submitted to websites such as turn it in.com to check the originality of your work.         Review questions and essays for each unit will always need to be complete at least two days prior to the unit test         We will have the summer reading quiz next week.  It will help you to review review and highlight important ideas related to Edward O. Wilson's development as a scientist and the important discoveries he has made during his career such as:         What childhood experiences did he have that shaped his character and ideas and led him to become a prominent scientist?         How did he overcome his weaknesses?         Why did he choose ants as his area of expertise?         What important discoveries did he make?         What experiments did he perform?          You may want to purchase access for your eresources that come with your text.  Check with the bookstore for availability.  There are many helpful study aids online. Kimball's Biology Pages on the web are also a great resource to consult for extra info. I have also listed specific websites for each unit.   Leaf Collection Directions- on advbioinfo link and handouts         Project Due- Nov. 1st         Online keys:  Google Tree Identification and you find many examples              __________________________________________________________________ Unit One- Introduction to the study of life Essential questions:         1. What characteristics do all living things share?         2. What are the basic themes of biology?         3. Why are there so many different kinds of living organisms?         Read:                 Chapter 1- pgs 2-10 Themes of Biology                 Chapter 4- pgs 50-51- Development of the Cell Theory                 Chapter 6- pgs 92-93- What is energy?                 Chapter 19- pg 310-311- Three Domain System of classification, pg 314 Evolutionary tree of life                 Chapter 21- pg 334- Characteristics of Prokaryotes                 Chapter 28- 478-479- Homeostasis, pg 628-629- Disorders of glucose homeostasis                 Chapter 43- pg 756-757- Sexual vs asexual reproduction                 Chapter 48- pgs 844-849- Nature of Ecosystems-Food chains and biological magnification                 Chapter 48- pg 850- Ecological pyramids         Homework-                 Do SelfQuiz 1-8 and Critical Thinking 1-2 on page 15-16 for Friday,Sept 3th                 DoSQ 1,2,3,4,5,6 and CT 5 on pgs 864-865 for Wednesday,Sept 8th         Unit 1 Review essays- due two days before test (Due)                 Characteristics of life                         All living organisms are composed of cells                         1. Outline the principles of the cell theory.                         2. How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?                         3. Give examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.                         4. What is the advantage of being multicellular?                         5. How did eukaryotic cells evolve?                         All living organisms are organized.                         6. What emergent properties arise at each of the following levels of organization?                                 a. organelles                                 b. cells                                 c. organism                                 d. population                                 e. community                                 f. ecosystem                         7. How does a tissue differ from an organ?                         8. What is organized chemical activity called?                         9. In what ways do organisms interact with each other within a particular environment?                         All living things must aquire and use energy                         10. How does a food chain differ from a food web?                         11. How do autotrophes differ from heterotrophes?                         12. Discuss the flow of energy through the trophic level system. How much energy is lost at each level?                         13. How does the flow of energy through an ecosystem differ from the flow of matter through an ecosystem?                         14. What do each of the following show?                                         a. pyramid of energy                                         b. pyramid of biomass                                         c. pyramid of numbers                         15. Which of those pyramids does not always resemble a pyramid? Give examples to support your answer.                         16. How does biological magnification happen?                         17. Why must living organisms use energy?                 All living organisms must respond to the environment                         18. Why must we respond to the environment?                         19. An important evolutionary advance in animals was the development of a head (and                                     brain) with sense organs at the front of the body.  What is this called?                 All living organisms must grow and develop                         20. How does a multicellular organism grow from a zygote to an adult form?                         21. How is development controlled in living organisms?                         22. How do cells acquire their fates?                         23. Why do the early embryos of humans,fish,birds, amphibians,and reptiles appear to be                                 quite similar?                         24. How do stem cells differ from other cells?                 All organisms must maintain homeostasis.                         25. Why must we maintain homeostasis?                         26. How is negative feedback used to maintain homeostasis?                                 Give examples.                         27. How is negative feedback used to control chemical reactions?                         28. How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?                 All organisms reproduce and pass genes to their offspring. Heredity and genetics                         29. How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual repro?                         30. What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?                         31. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?                         32. Which type of reproduction involves only mitosis?                                 Meiosis?                         33. What is a zygote? How is it different from its parent organisms?                                  All populations of organisms adapt to their environments by the process of evolution.                         33. What is an adaptation? Give examples of adaptations.                         34. What are the three types of adaptations and how do they differ?                         35. What role does variation play in the evolutionary process?                         36. What is the driving force of evolution?  How does it work?                 Major themes and ideas in biology:                         37. What is the basic dogma of biology?                         38. What is the cell theory?                         39. What is the relationship between structure and function in living organisms?                         40. What is the unifying principle of biology, explaining why and how organisms have    developed solutions to the problem of staying alive             in different environments and how organisms have changed over time?                         41. How do organisms interact with each other and their environments?                         42. What is the role of science in our society? How does pure science differ from applied science?                         43. What are our responsibilites to other organisms and the environment in which we live? What does it mean to live sustainably?                         44. What accounts for the Unity of Life on Earth? Give examples to show how all organisms are alike.                         45. What accounts for the tremendous diversity of life on       Earth?                 Classification of life on Earth.                         46. Discuss the Three Domain system of classification.                         47. What are the major characteristics of the six kingdoms as far as:                                         a. cell type?                                         b. cell organization? (unicellular or multicellular)                                         c. method of aquiring energy? (autotrophe or heterotrophe?                         48. What are the major levels of the classifcation system from most inclusive to least inclusive?         GROUP INTRODUCTION TO LIFE ACTIVITY:                 What does it mean to be alive?                 Are viruse alive?         GROUP CLASSIFCATION ACTIVITY- Google image the following organisms and classify them as bacteria, protista, fungi, plant, or animal. What criteria did you use to make your conclusions?                 a. bread mold                 b. paramecium                 c. leafy sea dragon                 d. sea pen                 e. diatom                 f. dinoflagellate                 g. slime mold                 h. sea fan                 i. Sea peach or tunicate                 j. rotifer                 k. kelp                 l. mycorrhizae                 m. trumpet chanterelle                 n. spanish moss                 o. horsetail         POND WATER LAB- OBSERVING, DESCRIBING, AND CLASSIFYING POND WATER ORGANISMS. LOOKING            FOR EVIDENCE OF LIFE.                 Unit 1 Test-                 Characteristics of Living Organisms                 Themes of Biology                 Levels of Organization-emergent properties                 Energy relationships, trophic levels, and symbiosis                                                                                     Classification of living organisms                 Intro to Evolution                 Vocabulary List:                         taxonomy                         dichotomous key                         domain (also- kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,species)                         binomial nomenclature                         Cell theory                         prokaryote                         eukaryote                         endosymbiosis and membrane invagination                         symbiosis--mutualism, commensalism, parasitism                         organelle, mitochondria, chloroplast                         population                         community                         ecosystem                         biome                         biosphere                         emergent properties                         ATP                         DNA                         RNA                         Basic Dogma of Biology                         Chromosome                         Gene                         Ecology                         Trophic levels- producers, primary consumers, secondary and                                     tertiary consumers, decomposers                         autotrophe                         heterotrophe                         food chain and food web                         predators and prey                         Pyramid of energy                         Pyramid of numbers                         Pyramid of biomass                         Biological magnification                         metabolism                         enzymes                         photosynthesis                         respiration                         homeostasis- negative and positive feedback                         variation                         natural selection                         adaptations (morphological, physiological, and behavioral)                         evolution                         heredity                         asexual reproduction                         sexual reproduction                         development                         metamorphosis                         Structure and function                         unity and diversity of life on Earth                          _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unit 2-Evidence for Evolution Essential Questions:         1. How was the theory of evolution developed?         2. What does the word theory mean in science?         3. What is the evidence that supports evolution?         Read pg 21- Radioisotopes (how are they used to determine age of fossils?)         Read Chapter 17- pgs 260-281         Read Chap 18- pgs 282-283 and 292-293         Read pgs810-811- Natural selection and life histories         Read "Evolving Backward" ,"Are Humans a Biological Success" and "Has Human Evolution Ended" (to be handed out later)         Homework:                 Do SQ 1-9 on page 281 forThursday, Sept. 28                 Do CT 1-3 and 5  on page 281 and answer this question:  Which creatures could have been ancestors of modern humans? (search primate and human evolution)                Due on Friday, Oct. 2                 DoSQ 1-4 and CT 1-3 on pg 299 Due Tuesday. Oct 5th                 For Tuesday, Oct 12th  -Write a 1000 word essay on the topic- "Has human evolution ended?"  Use the internet to find information to support your views.  Include references at the end of your essay.                 Review questions- due Thursday, Oct 14th                 Test- Monday, Oct 18th         Movie- Darwin's Dangerous Idea         Movie- Great Transformations- evolution of animal body plans         LAB Activity- ONLINE at:         http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/lessons/lesson4/act2.html         LAB Activity- Online at:         http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/bi/1994/fishy.html         OPTIONS:         LAB Activity:                 Bird beaks and Natural Selection         LAB Activity:                 How long is a long time?         Additional Websites for enhancement or curiosity!         http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/evothought.html         http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/evotmline.html         http://www.nap.edu/html/creationism/evidence.html         http://www.nsta.org/220/         http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/malaria_sickle.html         http://www.talkorigins.org/         http://www.darwinfoundation.org/         http://www.darwinawards.com/         http://www.strangescience.net/darwin.htm         http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/origin_of_species/Chapter15.html         http://www.victorianweb.org/science/darwin/darwinov.html         http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/tennyson/tenny1.html         http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/matthew.html         http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/embryo/embryoflash.html         http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/jury-rigged.html         http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/deeptime/         http://www.dinofish.com/         http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IVB1bInthelab.shtml         http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/fun/xray_flash.html         http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/Burgess_Shale/         http://www.livescience.com/animals/top10_vestigial_organs.html         http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/section2.html         http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0411/feature1/fulltext.html         Review Questions- due two days before test 1. How did each of the following contribute to the development of Darwin's theory of evolution?                 a. the increasing awarenes of the fossil record                 b. discoveries of new and unique organisms fromaround the world                 c. new discoveries in comparative morphology                 d. changing views about the age of the Earth                 e. Lyell's theory of Uniformitarianism in Principles of Geology                 f. Malthus' ideas on population control                 h. similarities between living and extinct organisms, like the armadillo and the        glyptodont                 h. the finches of the Galapagos                 i. the ideas of Alfred Russel Wallace                 j. animals and plants produced by artificial selection                 k. finding fossils of marine organisms on mountain tops 2. Evolution was not a new idea in Darwin's time.  Briefly outline these earlier ideas.                 a. Aristotle's Great Chain of Being                 b. Lamarck's theory af acquired characteristics                 c. Cuvier's theory of Catastrophism                 d. the ideas of Compte de Buffon                 e. the ideas of Erasmus Darwin ( Darwin's grandfather) 3. How did the discovery of the principles of genetics help to make the mechanism of evolution more understandable? (the new combination of genetics and evolution is called "the Modern Synthesis) 4.  What factors contribute to changes in the gene pool of a species? 5. How does microevolution differ from macroevolution? 6. Review the three types of adaptations. 7. How did the discovery of plate tectonics help to support the theory of evolution? 8. Discuss two ways to determine the age of a fossil. 9. What are homologous structures ? What does their existence tell us? 10. What are analogous structures? What kind of evolution produces these? 11.Why do the early embryos of vertebrate resemble each other so much? 12. What accounts for the differences in limb development in closely related species? 13. What evidence from biochemistry supports evolution?  When using this data, how do you know that two organisms are closely related? 14. How does each of the following give evidence of evolution?                 a. antibiotic reistance                 b. HIV's ability to develop strains resistant to antiviral drugs                 c. industrial melanism in peppered moths                 d. vestigial organs                 e. transitional fossils like Archaeopteryx, early whales, and early amphibians                 f.  Coelocanthes                 g. the frequency of sickle cell anemia in areas subject to malaria infestation                 h. coloration and size of guppies when living with different predators                 i. similarites in homeobox genes in fruit flies, mice and humans Test Unit 2 _______________________________________________________________________          Unit 3-Scientific Method Read Chapter 1, pgs 11-15 Leaf collection wil be due on Nov 1st         a. leaves and labels (put 25 that you are sure of first-3 pts each)         b. up to ten bonus leaves (1pt each)         c. dichotomous key for first 25 leaves          Summer Reading Quiz- Review your book and look for examples of the following:         1. What experiences led Wilson to become a scientist?         2. What important theories or discoveries has Wilson made? (Be able to explain them)         3. How was the use of the scientific method displayed in the bo Essential Questions:         How do scientists learn about the world around us?         How do scientists test their ideas?         What is the difference between "Good" Science and Pseudoscience?         How can I trust what I read in a magazine article, newspaper article, or website? Unit 3 Test- NOV ??? Unit 3 Review questions- due two days before the test                 1. What is science?  Is it a body of knowledge, a method of acquiring new knowledge, a process, or what?                 2. How does science differ from other disciplines?                 3. What are some ideas that are beyond the realm of science?                 4. Why does anecdotal evidence lead to misconception about natural phenomena?                 5. What role does curiosity play in scientific discovery?                 6. When observing natural phenomena, what is the relationship between cause and effect?                 7. What are all the characteristics of a good hypothesis?                 8. What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?                 9. What kind of reasoning is used in modern science: inductive, deductive,                 or both?  Give an example.                 10. How did Redi's and Pasteur's experiments silence the proponents of                 spontaneous generation?                 11. How did John Snow use scientific reasoning to understand the cholera epidemic of London?                 12. What are the characteristics of a well designed experiment?                 13. How does a dependent variable differ from an independent variable?                 14. Why are control groups used in good experiments?                 15. How does a positive control differ from a negative control?                 16. Why must experimental and control group subjects be selected randomly?                 17. Why must large numbers of subjects be used in experiments?                 18. What is scientific sampling and why do we use it?                 19. How would you test the validity of a claim made in a newspaper, magazine, or internet article?                 20. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?                 21. Can a hypothesis be proven? Why or why not?                 22. What role do advances in technology have on the scientific process?                 23. How does the internet affect the scientific process?                 24. How do blind and double blind tests improve the validity of scientific conclusions?                 25. How does pure science differ from applied science?                 26. What role does serendipity play in the scientific process? give some examples?                 27. What should a scientist do if his/her hypothesis is refuted?                 28. What is pseudoscience and how can you spot it?                 29. How do I know that a newspaper article, magazine article, or internet posting is credible information? Important Vocabulary to Know:                 natural causality                 hypothesis                 inductive reasoning                 deductive reasoning                 independent variable                 dependent variable                 anecdotal evidence                 qualitative data                 quantitiative data                 random sampling                 sample size                 experimental group                 control group                 positive control                 negative control                 blind studies                 double blind studies                 theory                 spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)                 biogenesis                 serendipity                 pseudoscience                  Read the  following handouts and web articles:          Homework         1. Read James Mcclintock email Article about Amphipods and Sea butterflies-Do Q          Chemical defenses in sea butterflies (sea angels) (In class activity)experiment analysis         Sea Butterflies         http://www.smccd.net/accounts/ghanmam/Ch%201%20-%20Scientific%20Method.ppt#25         Sea Butterflies and Social Parasitism         http://scienceweek.com/2005/sa050114-1.htm         http://www.mbl.edu/news/press_releases/pdf/2008_07mcclintock.pdf         http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/issue.aspx?id=825&y=0&no=&css=print         http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v346/n6283/abs/346462a0.html         http://books.google.com/books?id=XQtM4j5qkUoC&pg=PA217&lpg=PA217&dq=McClintock+%2B+amphipod&source=bl&ots=6O22G_XmOV&sig=XiOkpk3LHDxwNNTm7IC_h8AQV7k&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result         http://books.google.com/books?id=SXZ5YvTlwAcC&pg=PA217&lpg=PA217&dq=Mclintock+%2B+sea+butterflies&source=bl&ots=JIRbwwvW9M&sig=MdpY5pHOHjdZsL6ERET383PHaN0&hl=en&ei=rSAES72JLZXhlAemqsnmAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false         http://www.uab.edu/uabbio/s022/         Read article and websites about Amphipods and Sea Butterflies and answer the following questions                 1.  What word describes an accidental discovery?                                  2.  What observations did McClintock make  that made him curious about the amphipods?                 3.  What is the apparent relationship between sea butterflies and amphipods?                 4.  What type of symbiosis doe this appear to represent?                 3.  What hypotheses were tested by McClintock?                 4.  Describe McClintock's experiments.                 5.  What evidence in the article suggests that the experiments were well planned and carried out? Were they well                        designed?  Why or Why not?                 6.  What was the control group in each experiment?                 7.  What data was collected in the experiments?                 8.  Were the conclusions that were made from the experiments valid?                 9.  What could have been included in the article that would make the results seem more convincing to you?                 10.  Was this article published in a credible publication (peer reviewed)?          2.  For Tuesday -Read the articles on your email entitiled:                 Has Human Evolution Ended?                 Jot list the important ideas about human evolution and compare these ideas to points that you made in your Human evolution essays          3.  Do SQ 9-10, CT 3-7 on pgs15 in your textbook- Due WED, OCT 27th                             4.  Write a paragraph explaining what this excerpt from Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll  has to do with the scientific method.                                 I'm sure I'll take you with pleasure!' the Queen said. `Twopence a week and jam every other day.' Alice couldn't help laughing, as she said `I don't want you to hire me -- and I don't care for jam.' `It's very good jam,' said the Queen. `Well, I don't want any to-day, at any rate.' `You couldn't have it if you did want it,' the Queen said. `The rule is, jam to-morrow and jam yesterday -- but never jam to-day.' `It must come sometimes to "jam to-day",' Alice objected. `No, it ca'n't, said the Queen. `It's jam every other day: to-day isn't any other day, you know.' `I don't understand you,' said Alice. `It's dreadfully confusing!' `That's the effect of living backwards,' the Queen said kindly: `it always makes one a little giddy at first --' `Living backwards!' Alice repeated in great astonishment. `I never heard of such a thing!' `-- but there's one great advantage in it, that one's memory works both ways.' `I'm sure mine only works one way,' Alice remarked. `I can't remember things before they happen.' `It's a poor sort of memory that only works backwards,' the Queen remarked. `What sort of things do you remember best?' Alice ventured to ask. `Oh, things that happened the week after next,' the Queen replied in a careless tone. `For instance, now,' she went on, sticking a large piece of plaster on her finger as she spoke, `there's the King's Messenger. He's in prison now, being punished: and the trial doesn't even begin till next Wednesday: and of course the crime comes last of all.' `Suppose he never commits the crime?' said Alice. `That would be all the better, wouldn't it?' the Queen said, as she bound the plaster round her finger with a bit of ribbon. Alice felt there was no denying that. `Of course it would be all the better,' she said: `but it wouldn't be all the better his being punished.' `You're wrong there, at any rate,' said the Queen. `Were you ever punished?' `Only for faults,' said Alice. `And you were all the better for it, I know!' the Queen said triumphantly. `Yes, but then I had done the things I was punished for,' said Alice: `that makes all the difference.' `But if you hadn't done them,' the Queen said, `that would have been better still; better, and better, and better!' Her voice went higher with each `better', till it got quite to a squeak at last. Alice was just beginning to say `There's a mistake somewhere --,' when the Queen began screaming, so loud that she had to leave the sentence unfinished. `Oh, oh, oh!' shouted the Queen, shaking her hand about as if she wanted to shake it off. `My finger's bleeding! Oh, oh, oh, oh!' Her screams were so exactly like the whistle of a steam-engine, that Alice had to hold both her hands over her ears. `What is the matter?' she said, as soon as there was a chance of making herself heard. `Have you pricked your finger?' `I haven't pricked it yet,' the Queen said, `but I soon shall -- oh, oh, oh!' `When do you expect to do it?' Alice said, feeling very much inclined to laugh. `When I fasten my shawl again,' the poor Queen groaned out: `the brooch will come undone directly. Oh, oh!' As she said the words the brooch flew open, and the Queen clutched wildly at it, and tried to clasp it again. `Take care!' cried Alice. `You're holding it all crooked!' And she caught at the brooch; but it was too late: the pin had slipped, and the Queen had pricked her finger. `That accounts for the bleeding, you see,' she said to Alice with a smile. `Now you understand the way things happen here.' `But why don't you scream now?' Alice asked, holding her hands ready to put over her ears again. `Why, I've done all the screaming already,' said the Queen. `What would be the good of having it all over again?'                 5. Read- Discovery, Chance and The Scientific Method                 http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/chance.php                         1. How was pennicilin discovered?                         2. What does "chance favors the prepared mind" mean?                                  Also read- Life and times of Louis Pasteur website and answer Q.                         http://www.labexplorer.com/louis_pasteur.htm                         1. How did Louis Pasteur put an end to the spontaneous generation controvery?                                                             6. Read "The Consent" by Harold Nemerov and answer the following questions:                 http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/nemerov.htm                         1.  What is the authored concerned about in this poem?                         2.  What question does the author pose about Ginkgo trees?                         3.  Make two hypotheses that predict why all the leaves fell off at the same    time.                         4.  Design an experiment that could test one of your hypotheses.                 7. Read-  "Placebos have side effects" email                         1. Highlight passages that are significant for class discussion                         2. Write comments or observations in margins                         3. Answer These Questions                                 a.  Why is "Vitamin O" a total scam?                                 b.  Why aren't many over the counter products regulated by the FDA?                                 c.  What is the placebo effect? How does it work?                                 d.  What is homeopathy?                                 e.  Why is the dilution process promoted by Hahnemann ridiculous?                                 f.  What is "smart water" as proposed by homeopathic proponents?                                 g.  What is the law of similars?  How is it used?                                 h.  How is magnet therapy supposed to work?  Why doesn't it work?                                 i.  Why is it necessary that all therapeutic agents be tested thoroughly by using the scientific method before being                            approved for public use?                                 j.  Most alternative remedies are harmless, so why is their use         dangerous?                 Optional -Read- "What's killing the frogs" and other related articles                         http://txtwriter.com/onscience/Articles/deadfrogs.html                         http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-10/uoi-mgv101308.php                         http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_/ai_95845326                         Read the abstract and the introduction to the following article                         http://www.pnas.org/content/91/5/1791.full.pdf                         1. List as many possible hypotheses as you can for the worldwide decline in frog populations.                         2. How can genetic studies help to save the frogs?                         3. Why are frogs especially vulnerable to chemicals in their environment?                         4. What causes feminization of male frogs?                         5. How many species had disappeared in the last ten years? In class activities:                  1.. The Case of the Missing Computer Chip                 http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/crime.tc.pdf                 http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/crime.st.pdf                 http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/crime.pdf                 Discuss Computer Crime Case Evidence and Hypotheses         2. False Assumptions can get you in trouble activity.                 http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/falsasum.html                          3. Video- "Whats Killing the Manatees"                         1. What observations were made to indicate there was a problem?                         2. What questions were asked?                         3. What hypotheses were developed and tested?                         4. What conclusions were reached?         4. Food Bourne illmess activity- The Townhall Outbreak (first web link below)  Do Lesson One                 1. Where was the source of the outbreak?                 2. What foods were eaten that caused illness?                 3. Who was responsible for contaminating the food?                 4. How could this have been prevented?                 Epidemiology Exercises:         http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/yes/disease_outbreak.pdf         http://www.science-in-motion.org/middle/MS_Labs/Life%20Science/Procedural%20Labs/The%20Contagious%20Town%20Meeting%20-%20A%20Discussion%20of%20Disease%20Transmission.doc         http://www.csun.edu/~ms4288/646/assignments/simulated-experiments/doc/disease%20transmission%20lab.pdf         http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/diseases/activities/activity4.htm         5. Checks LAB- Can you tell what has happened in this family by looking at their cancelled checks?                 http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/chec.lab.html Lab: How do colored leaves differ from green leaves?         LAB REPORT- Use following format and answer questions posed in each section.         Due         A. Question: How do green leaves differ from colored leaves?         B. Hypothesis: Green leaves will have different pigments than colored leaves.         C. Research (Introduction)                 1. What is chromatography?                 2. What is chromatography used for besides separating leaf pigments?                 3. What are the functions of pigments in a leaf?                 4. What specific pigments were seen in your leaves?  What are their specific functions? (Look up accessory pigments)                 5. Why do different pigments travel different distances on the papers? Is it connected to the way the pigment reacts to the solvent or the way the                      pigment.interacts with the paper or a combination of both?                 6. Why do leaves turn colors in the fall?                 7. What is the pigment that causes red leaves?  How and when is it formed?                 8. What would be good positive and negative control groups for this experiment?         D. Data Tables                 1. Your individual leaf data                 2. Summary tables for all three classes         D. Analysis of Data                 1. Show a sample calculation for an Rf value                 2. Compare the Rf values for similar pigments in different leaves.  What does it tell you?                 3. Compare the pigments seen in the different leaves.                 4. How do the green leaves differ from the colored leaves                 5. Any other observations?         E. Conclusion                 1. Does your data support or refute your hypothesis and WHY?                 2. Any info from your research that is backed up by your data?   Web Activity- How do we answer the Big questions in science?         Mass Extinctions and Near-Earth Objects           Use the internet (some websites provided below) to research the possible causes of some of the major and minor mass extinctions that have occurred in the past. Answer the following questions: A.      1. Name the major mass extinctions that have happened in the past.         2. What are the probable causes of each one?         3. What kinds of organisms became extinct during each event?         4. What is causing the most recent (and ongoing) mass extinction.         5. At what rate are organisms becoming extinct today?         6. Could humans ever become extinct?  Why or why not? B.    1. What is a Near-Earth Object?         2. How does a comet differ from an asteroid?         3. What would be the result of a large comet or asteroid collision with Earth?         4. What proof is there that these types of collisions have happened in the past?         5. Have there been any close calls lately?         6. How many asteroids or comets will come fairly close to Earth in your lifetime?         7. Name some of the asteroids that we track closely. How big are they?         8. Should you be overly concerned about a major impact in your lifetime?         What about in the next million years? Activity websites:         Mass Extinctions-         http://hannover.park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/massextinc.html         http://hannover.park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/tablecont.html         http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/eldredge2.html         http://www.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Mass_Ext/higgins_mass1.html         http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/massextinctions.htm         http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/impact23.html         Near Earth Objects (Don't be scared!)         http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/         http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/         http://newton.dm.unipi.it/cgi-bin/neodys/neoibo         http://szyzyg.arm.ac.uk/~spm/neo_map.html         http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/NEO/TheNEOPage.html         http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neofact.html         http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/         Impact Similator:   http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/impacteffects/         http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/torino_scale.html         http://www.spaceweather.com/        (impact date, Oct 7, 2008) Be prepared to participate in a web chat in class on Monday, Nov, 17th Get in groups of no more than four students and use the following websites (from homework page) to answer the questions (Parts 1-3) about the Life and work of John Snow-it is a medical detective story (he may be the original House). We will do part 4 when I get back. Web Activity-The Life and Work of John Snow         CDC Cholera         http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/sub_cholera.htm         On the Mode of Communication of Cholera         http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/snow/snowbook.html         The father of modern epidemiology         http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/fatherofepidemiology.html         UCLA John Snow Website         http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html         Lab Activity         http://www.csun.edu/~ms4288/646/assignments/simulated-experiments/doc/disease%20transmission%20lab.pdf         http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/diseases/activities/activity4.htm         Use the previous websites in your group to answer the questions posed in Parts One-Three.         Part One:         1. What is cholera?         2. What are the symptoms of cholera?         3. How does cholera spread?         4. How is cholera treated?         5. Where and when do most cholera outbreaks occur?         Part Two:         1. Describe what cholera outbreaks were like in London in 1849.         2. What did people think were the causes for cholera?         3. How did people try to prevent cholera?         Part Three:         1. How did John Snow apply the scientific method to finding the cause of the London cholera epidemics?         2. Why did John Snow think that polluted water or food was connected to cholera symptoms?         3. Write a hypothesis that expains how cholera is spread.  Justify your hypothesis by using observations made by John Snow.  Does this hypothesis agree or disagree with the miasmatic theory?         4. How could Snow's hypothesis be tested?         5. What kind of data did John Snow collect?         6. How did John Snow deal with apparent anomalies to his hypothesis, like the widow who died miles from the source of the main epidemic, or the apparent lower death rates in a brewery and workhouse?         7. How did Snow collaborate with Henry Whitehead (who did not believe Snow) during his investigation.         8. Why is important that scientists like John Snow publish their results?         Part Four: Theory and Practice         1. Collect a cup of water from your teacher-(do not touch or drink)         2. Find a partner and pour your solution into your partner's cup.         3. Have your partner pour half of his or her solution back into your cup         4. Follow the same instuctions with two more partners (one at a time, of course)         5. When instructed, Add a few drops of Universal Indicator to your         cup.  What was the result?         6. How many people would be infected if we had shared with 10 partners in a much larger group?         7. How does this pattern of infection relate to modern problems like HIV         transmission?         Part Five- Want to know more?  Look up the story of Typhoid Mary,who was a cook that lived in the early 1900's.          Websites:         History of the scientific method                 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_scientific_method         Scientific method overview (Good discussions and vocabulary)                 http://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/instructors/scientific-method.pdf                 http://physics.about.com/od/toolsofthetrade/a/scimethod.htm                 http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~jdw/IntroScientificMethod.pdf                                  http://teacher.nsrl.rochester.edu/phy_labs/AppendixE/AppendixE.html         The Scientific Method (Bird bath)                 http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/sci_meth.htm         Spontaneous Generation         http://www.biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio114/spontgen.htm         The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation         http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Spontaneous_Generation.html         The Life and Times of Louis Pasteur         http://www.labexplorer.com/louis_pasteur.htm                 Discovery, Chance, and the Scientific Method   (What is the role of chance or serendipity in science?)         http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/chance.html         Evolution of the Scientific Method   (How was this method developed?)         http://urantiabook.org/archive/science/binion1.htm         The Scientific Method-Elegant Experiments         http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Elegant_Experiments.html         Considering Clinical Trials- Online Activity         http://server1.wadsworthmedia.com/biology/0534388043/online_resources/ch01.html         What is Pseudoscience?         http://www.chem1.com/acad/sci/pseudosci.html         Distinguishing Science from Pseudoscience         http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/pseudo.html         Seven signs of Bogus Science         http://www.webexhibits.org/bogus/         Homeopathy- New Science or New Age?         http://www.homeowatch.org/articles/wagner.html         http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/6658864/Boots-we-sell-homeopathic-remedies-because-they-sell-not-because-they-work.html         http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/homeo.html         Laundry Balls????         http://www.sniggle.net/Laundry/index.php         16 Questions to identify Pseudoscience         http://physics.syr.edu/courses/modules/PSEUDO/moller.html         Evaluating Internet Sites         http://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm         http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/research/webeval.html         Evaluating News Stories and Internet sites         http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/researchroom/evaluate/magazine_index.asp Unit 3 Test-Nov. 19th Beginnning the Bioethics Term Paper:         See instructions and topics at adbinfo/course description on my web page.         Other helpful info:         Writing a research or term paper         http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html         Evaluating articles and internet sites:         http://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm         http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research/webeval.html         http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/researchroom/evaluate/magazine_index.asp         http://yc.edu/content/libraryservices/documents/Evaluating%20Magazine%20Journal%20and%20Newspaper%20Articles%20and%20Print%20Resources.pdf __________________________________________________________________________ BIOETHICS PAPER DEADLINES: 2010-2011         - Pick a topic- Week of Jan 4th         - Turn in MLA bibliography of 20 good sites- Due Tuesday, Jan. 4th         - Summaries due for 10 sources- Due Monday  Jan. 10th         - Summaries for second set of sources- Due Tuesday, Jan 18th        -Continue your search for good sources during the rest of the project period         - Topic and sentence outline for bioethics paper due- be as thorough as possible                 Discard bad or repetitive sources, add new or better sources                 Due- Tuesday, Feb. 1st                 Go to Writing Center for help!!!         - Complete 10pg Rough draft with internal documentation and                 literature cited section due. All sources must be used and internally documented in the                 rough draft.This should be as complete as possible. Literature Cited section                                    required.                 We will send it to TurnItIn.com to check for plagiarism                 Due Mon, Feb 21st         - Final Paper Due- To be determined  (Probably April 4th) Rough draft with my corrections               and suggestions must also be turned in. _________________________________________________________________ Unit 4- Inorganic chemistry as applies to biological systems-          Textbook Reading Assignments         Chapter 2 -Chemistry and the Properties of water- pgs 18-31         Plant Nutrients and soils- pg 512         Chapter 48- Seasonal changes in lakes- pg 886-887         Homework:         Do SQ 1-10 and CT 1, 5,6,7 on pg31 Due date- Test:   Tuesday Dec 6th         Properties of Water         Uses of Isotopes         Plant and animal nutrients-macro and micronutrients         Overturns and upwellings- mixing of oxygen and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems         Zonation in lakes and oceans         How do nerves work?         Read pgs 576-579 in text         Sodium and Potassium use in nerve impulses- Resting Potential and Action Potential         Harvard Animation- http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/actionpotential.swf         http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/animation__the_nerve_impulse.html         http://www.google.com/#hl=en&source=hp&biw=1003&bih=532&q=action+potential+animation&rlz=1W1ADSA_en&aq=1&aqi=g10&aql=&oq=action+potential+&fp=d3040fd4250774fe         How do muscles work?  How does Calcium stimulate muscle contraction?         Read pgs 648-651 in text         http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kFmbrRJq4w         http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.html Review QUESTIONS         Due -         1.  What determines the identity of a particular element?         2.  What determines the chemical activity of an element?         3.  How do isotopes of the same element differ from one another?         4. Does this affect an isotopes chemical behavior? Why or why not?         5. What is a radioisotope?  What types of radiation are given off from a radioisotope?         6. How is radioactive dating done?         7. How can radioisotopes be used to decipher complex biological pathways?         8. What are the major elements found in a human and what are their uses in the body? (Make a chart)         9. How do the major elements in a plant differ from those in a human?         10. How does a macronutrient differ from a micronutrient?         11. What are the uses of the plant macronutrients?         12. Trace elements and micronutrients are usually used for what in living organs?         13. Why is water a polar molecule? What makes a compound polar?         14. What properties of water account for its many unique properties?         15. Define cohesion and its cause.         16. Why is water a liquid rather than a gas at Earth's normal temperatures?                 (In other words, why does it have a higher freezing and boiling point than most other substances of similar molecular weight?)         17. What causes surface tension, and how have living organisms taken advantage of it?         18. How can surface tension be reduced or prevented?         19. Why is capillary action important to living organisms?         20. Why does water dissolve more substances than most solvents?                 Why is this biologically important?         21. How can you increase the amount of oxygen that will dissolve in water?         22. Why does water have such a high specific heat? Why is this important to living organisms?         23. How does water's high specific heat influence global climatic patterns?         24. How are radioisostopes used in medicine and in DNA research? How are they used as tracers?         25. Why must all gas exchange surfaces be moist?         26. What two elements are usually in short supply in the soil? (Limiting factors)         27. At what temperature is water at its most dense state?  Why?         28 Why does ice float? What is the biological significance of that?         29 Discuss spring and fall overturn in lakes.  How do the density properties of  water contibute to     these changes?         30. Why are spring and fall overturn critical to the health of a lake ecosystem?         31. How do changes in the density of water contribute to mixing of water layers in the ocean.         32. What is a thermocline? When would a lake have a well established thermocline?         33. What are the different vertical and horizontal regions of a lake?  How do they differ chemically and biologically? Websites:         Properties of Water         http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterproperties.html         http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8a.html         http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html         http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/waterProps1.php         http://www.chem1.com/acad/sci/aboutwater.html         Macronutrients and Micronutrients in Plants         http://www.soils.wisc.edu/~barak/soilscience326/macronut.htm         http://www.agr.state.nc.us/cyber/kidswrld/plant/nutrient.htm         Ocean zonation         http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/67/6567-050-142FC00A.jpg         http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ecology.su.se/JN/TV/bilder/ocean_bilder/zonation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ecology.su.se/JN/TV/ocean_text/o_biophys.htm&usg=__bzXV02NKdL4dGqCOJ7lzFGFad5U=&h=270&w=350&sz=25&hl=en&start=14&itbs=1&tbnid=GelyGzJmc0Ur0M:&tbnh=93&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOcean%2Bzonation%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG         http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/oceans/Introduction/Zonation/zonation.htm         http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/HabitatTerm.JPG&imgrefurl=http://tolweb.org/accessory/cephalopod_ocean_habitats%3Facc_id%3D1998&usg=__JKmVN8i3OtoIAUfOS30p0Y8G7Xg=&h=243&w=471&sz=30&hl=en&start=3&itbs=1&tbnid=CRYlVyPghnuI2M:&tbnh=67&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Docean%2Bzonation%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG         Lake zonation         http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/AquaticEcosystems/tsld010.htm         http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/lakes/images/zone.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/lakes/page21.htm&h=179&w=324&sz=34&tbnid=g4fqCKa7Fz_ZCM:&tbnh=65&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLAKE%2BZONATION&usg=___i6fuCqKah61DN7LCT8eWTXrPzA=&ei=XaZDS4bgLdHM8Qa3_cXWBA&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=image&ved=0CBAQ9QEwAw         http://www.lifeinfreshwater.org.uk/images/Lake%20Zones%20Animals.jpg         Spring and fall overturn http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ohioline.osu.edu/a-fact/images/0007_5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ohioline.osu.edu/a-fact/0007.html&usg=__vSC16yDvXTSopF5tE8vvCy98BX0=&h=168&w=250&sz=7&hl=en&start=16&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=ak1mpS10sjCSrM:&tbnh=75&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSpring%2Band%2Bfall%2Boverturn%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1W1GGLR_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1 ___________________________________________________________ Unit 5- Questions Due         Test-         Read Chapter 30- pgs 510-523- transport of water, minerals, and food         Chapter 29- Plant structure                 pg 497- vascular tissues                 pgs 500-501-leaf structure                 pgs 502-503- root structure                 pg 504- growth in stems- vascular cambium          Topics         Transport of water, minerals and food in plants         Symbiosis in plants- mycorhizae and N fixing bacteria         Adaptations of Carnivorous Plants         Plant tissues         Control of water loss         Active and Passive transport through cell membrane         Websites:         Monocot and Dicot root and stem structure         http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPLANTANATII.html         http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPLANTANAT.html         Transport of water and minerals in plants         http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2002/casparian.htm         http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/BSC1011/BSC1011_9/index.htm         http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/X/Xylem.html         http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/plant_transport.html         Cotransport         http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter38/cotransport__symport_and_antiport_.html         Mycorrhizae         http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect19.htm         Control of stomata opening         http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectf03am/guardcells02.gif         Translocation of sugars         http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectf03am/sucrosepump.jpg         http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectf03am/phloemwater02.gif         Review Questions:                1. Discuss the flow of water and nutrients from the roots of a plant to the leaves.         2. How do plants absorb minerals from the soil?         3. What causes transpiration in plants?         4. How do plants control the opening and closing of their stomata?         5. What happens when you overwater a plant?         6. What happens when you overfertilize a plant?         7. Compare and contrast xylem and phloem tissues in a plant.         8. What is the difference between active and passive transport?         9. What is the function of the Casparian Strip that surrounds the endodermis?         10. What is the function of the companion cells?         11. What environmental cues trigger the opening of the stomata?  The closing?         12. Describe the Cohesion Tension theory of transpiration.         13. Describe the Pressure Flow theory of transduction.         14. What adaptations do plants have to prevent water loss?         15. Why must stomata be open at least part of the time?  ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Unit 6         Chapter 6- Energy basics- pgs 92-95, 100-101         Chapter7- Electron flow in photosynthesis- pgs. 112-114         Chapter 8-Electron flow phosphorylation in respiration-pgs 130-131          Miniunit-  Energy Processes in Living Organisms- Photosynthesis and Respiration         Read- Chapter 7- pgs106-115 Photosynthesis         Read- Chapter 8- pgs122-136 Respiration         Lab- Photosynthesis in elodea                 http://www.ncsec.org/cadre2/team22_2/teachers/elodealab.htm         Virtual Lab- http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab4/intro.html         Photosynthesis, Enzymes, and Respiration Jeopardy         http://eduref.org/Virtual/Lessons/Science/Biology/BIO0202.html         Animations and Tutorials         Photosynthesis         http://cnre.vt.edu/dendro/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf         http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120072/bio13.swf::Photosynthetic%20Electron%20Transport%20and%20ATP%20Synthesis         http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/photosynthesis/movie.htm         http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007352543x/student_view0/chapter7/calvin_cycle.html         http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp08/0802003.html         http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/calvin.html         Respiration         http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html                  http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html         http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_system_and_atp_synthesis__quiz_1_.html         http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/etc/index.htm         Review Questions- Due March 2nd, 2011   TEST-Friday, March 4th         Photosynthesis- How Plants Aquire Energy                 1.  What types of light do plants use the most?                 2.  In which parts of the chloroplast do the light dependent and light independent      reactions take place?                 3. Why are internal membranes important to cellular functions?                 4. How does a photosystem work?                 5. How does photosystem II differ from photosystem I?                 6. Draw and describe the Z diagram of electron flow.                 7. What happens as electrons flow along the thylakoid membrane?                 8. How is ATP generated in the light dependent reaction?                 9. What happens to the electrons after they have passed through the electron transport chain?                 11. What are the products of the light dependent reaction used for?                 12. What is the source of the electrons for the light dependent reaction?                 13. How is carbon fixed in the light independent reaction?                 14. What is the product of the light independent reaction?                 15. Discuss evidence of the recycling of molecules during photosysnthesis.                 Respiration                 16. Compare and contrast anaerobic and aerobic respiration.                 17. In what ways are photosynthesis similar?                 18. Who are the electron acceptors in respiration?  In photosynthesis?                 19. What are the three stages of aerobic respiration? Where does each take place?                 20. How many ATP's are produced in each stage?                 21. Besides making a few ATP's, what is the most significant event in both glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle?                 22. How is most of the ATP generated in aerobic respiration?                 23. What is the function of oxygen in aerobic respiration?                 24. Why do some cells perform fermentation even though it produces no energy?                 25. In both photosynthesis and respiration, explain how the flow of electrons through electron transport chains is used to                      convert energy to a usable form.                 Additional Questions                 1. What is activation energy?                 2. How do enzymes help chemical reactions occur faster?                 3. What are endergonic and exergonic reactions?                  Test-Friday, March4th ___________________________________________________________________ Extra Credit Froject!  (15pts) 1. Make a one-half hour tape recording of frogs singing- one partner allowed 2. Write a report on the kinds of frogs and toads that live in the Piedmont of North Carolina (Each partner must write their own unique report) and discuss the following:         a. Kinds of frogs and toads and when does each mate?           b. What sound does each type produce?         c. Why are they singing?         d. How do they produce the sounds?         e. How does temporal isolation reinforce species identities?         f.  What lind of frog or toad did you record? 3. Due before final exams.  They are singing now! ________________________________________________________________ Unit 7- Inorganic Chemistry and Biological Systems and Human Impact on Ecological Systems.         Read:                 Chapter 47- pgs 852-865- biogeochemical cycles, water use, climate change                 Chapter 48-pgs 866-867, 870-871,884-885,894-895- ozone thinning, ground level ozone, photochemical                      smog, acid rain, desertification, eutrophication                 Chapter 2- pgs 26-27 Acids, bases, and buffers                 Chapter 46- pgs 836-837- Invasive species                 Chapter 45- pgs 812-817- Human Population Growth         Websites:         Water Cycle         http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/         Groundwater         http://www.epa.gov/safewater/groundwaterawareness/index.html         http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Ogallala-Aquifer.html         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer         Water Use         http://www.american.edu/ted/aral.htm         http://nc.water.usgs.gov/wateruse/         http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse.html         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_Lake         Water consumption Calculator         http://www.csgnetwork.com/waterusagecalc.html         Chemical Water Pollution         http://epa.gov/ppcp/faq.html         http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead/index.html         http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead/basicinformation.html         http://nc.sierraclub.org/medoc/environment/water.htm         http://www.american.edu/TED/MINAMATA.HTM         http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu35ie/uu35ie0c.htm         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease         http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE51J49E20090220?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews         http://earth911.com/hazardous/mercury/three-simple-ways-to-prevent-mercury-pollution/         http://www.greenmuze.com/news/recent-news/584-lethal-mercury-pollution.html         Dead zones         http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/environment/dead_zone.html         http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/scifocus/oceanColor/dead_zones.shtml         http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/deadzone/         http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=oceanic-dead-zones-spread         http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/01/090128-ocean-dead-zones.html         Carbon cycle         http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=95         Nitrogen Cycle                 http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9s.html                 http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=98                 http://library.thinkquest.org/11353/nitrogen.htm                 http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/globe/NFTG/nitrocyc.htm         Phosphorus Cycle                 http://www.lenntech.com/phosphorus-cycle.htm                 http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/308phosphorus.html                 http://www.princeton.edu/~chm333/2003/agriculture/phosphoruscycle.htm         Air Quality                 http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/facility.tcl?tri_id=27052DKNRGPINEH                 http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/cap/rank-counties-emissions.tcl?how_many=25 &pollutant=nox&edf_source_agg=total&fips_state_code=37                          Acid Rain                 http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/acidrain.html                 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/2.html                 http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain/acidfact.html                 Ozone pollution                 http://www.epa.gov/ozone/                 http://www.transact.org/library/reports_pdfs/Clean_Air/NC.pdf          Group Project- Climate Change or Global Warming?         Groups will research the following aspect of the controvery and         present their findings to the class in a powerpoint presentation.         Group 1                 What factors determine Earth's climate?                 What is the relationship between climate and weather?                 How do we collect evidence of climate change?         Group 2                 What is Paleoclimate?                 How has Earth's climate changed in the past? What evidence do we have?                 Is the current climate change unusual compared to earlier changes in                         Earth's history?         Group 3                 What are the probable causes of changes in Earth's past climate?                 Climate forcings?                 Can any of these causes be responsible for present day climate change?         Group 4                 What is the Greenhouse Effect?                 What substances contribute to the Greenhouse Effect?                 How have human activities contibuted to climate change?                 What is the evidence for present climate change?         Group 5                 What can we do to reduce human impact on climate change?                 Discuss Carbon Trading and how it would work.                 What will happen if we do nothing? What are the global and local predictions.         Climate change Websites:         http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html         [Link]http://www.polartrec.com/geologic-climate-research-in-siberia         http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/warnings/         http://epa.gov/climatechange/index.html         http://www.geology.iastate.edu/gccourse/history/paleoclimate/paleo_lecture_new.html         http://epa.gov/climatechange/index.html         http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/pastcc.html         http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/howdo.html         http://www.oar.noaa.gov/education/climatechange/climatechange1a.html         http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/t_arctic.html         http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/t_observing.html         http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/t_paleo.html         http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/t_greenhouse.html         http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/images/modeling_seaice.jpg         http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/images/modeling_paleoclimate.jpg         http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/paleo.html         http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/images/greenhouse_graph.jpg         http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/greenhouse.html         http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/images/carboncycle_co2mm.png         http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2004/s2261.htm         http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/what.html         http://www.ems.psu.edu/%7Efraser/Bad/BadGreenhouse.html         http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/climate/         http://www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/NorthCarolina.pdf         http://www.climatehotmap.org/         http://www.agu.org/revgeophys/dougla01/dougla01.html REVIEW QUESTIONS -Due Friday, MARCH 25th   TEST Wednesday, Mar. 30           Human Impact on the Environment Water use Issues         1. How much of the Earth's water is available for human use?  How much is surface water?  How much is ground water?         2. What are the major uses of water?         3. What is saltwater intrusion?         4. What is groundwater?  What is the water table?         5. How do people endanger ground water supplies? Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect         1. What is the Greenhouse effect?         2. What is the hard evidence that global warming is occurring?         3. What evidence indicates that humans may be responsible for the warming?         4. Could there be natural causes for Earths rise in temperature? Defend this viewpoint.         5. What are the major greenhouse gases and their sources? Do they all have the same degree of impact?         6. What are the predicted effects of global warming in the next century?         7. How can we slow down the process of global warming as a nation?  As an individual?         8. Has global warming affected the El Nino and La Nina Southern Oscillation cycle? El Nino- SKIP THESE 3         1. Compare normal Pacific Ocean conditions to that of an El Nino period.         2. What are the global effects of an El Nino?         3. How are cholera outbreaks and El Nino related? Photochemical Smog         1. What are the Primary Pollutants that lead to the production of smog, and what        are their sources?         2. Describe the chemical reactions that lead to the formation of the Secondary Pollutants that make up smog?         3. Under what condition do the concentrations of air pollutants rise to unacceptable levels in cities?         4. Why is ground level ozone a bad thing?         5. How can we reduce air pollution? Acid Rain         1. What are the sources of the pollutants that lead to the production of acid rain?                 What pollutants are responsible for acid rain?         2.  What are the two types of acid deposition and how do they differ?         3.  Why are some regions more sensitive to acid rain than others?         4.  What parts of the United States are most affected by acid rain?         5.  How does acid rain affect the soils and their mineral content? (cation exchange and leaching)         6.  How does acid rain directly or indirectly kill forests?         7.  What is the affect of acid rain on aquatic ecosystems?         8.  How can we reduce the production of acid rain? Ozone depletion         1. Is the ozone hole really a hole?         2. What chemicals are largely responsible for ozone depletion?         3.  How is ozone in the stratosphere destroyed?         4. If we quit putting CFC’s and other ozone destroying chemicals in the air today, would the problem quickly go away?  Why or why not?         5. What is the relationship between ozone depletion and skin cancer?         6. What global agreements have helped to reduce or stabilize ozone depletion?         7. How is ground level ozone produced?  What are its biological effects? Deforestation and desertification         1. Why should tropical rain forests be preserved as intact as possible?         2. What are the main reasons people cut down forests?         3. Why can’t deforested regions in the tropics recover from the damage when left alone?         4. In North America, large logging companies often cut all the trees from a certain area, but then replant the area only        with more of the type of tree they require. Is this good or bad for the environment?         5. How could deforestation contribute to global warming?         6. How are humans responsible for the expansion of the world’s deserts? Invasive Species         1. What are they and how do they affect ecosystems? Other pollutants         1. Where does mercury pollution come from?         2. Where does lead pollution come from?         3. What are the effects of mercury and lead poisoning?         4. What industries are responsible for PCB’s?  How do they affect humans?         5. What are endocrine disruptors?          Solutions         1. If you were to pinpoint one underlying cause for most of the world’s environmental problems, what would it be?         2. What is sustainability and how can it help to avert future environmental crises?         3. Which of the worlds nations have the lowest populations, use a large proportion of global resources, and produce      the most pollution?         4. What can humans do to live more in tune with nature, instead of viewing it as something to be exploited or conquered?         5. Why should we limit our use of bottled water? Biogeochemical Cycles         1. How much of Earth’s water is fresh water?  What are the major sources of drinking water that humans use?         2. What are the major uses of water?         3. How are humans affecting the amount of usable water on Earth?         4. Discuss the Carbon cycle and the two major biological processes that regulate        it.         5. Discuss the Nitrogen cycle and the activities of living organisms in that cycle?         6. Discuss the Phosphorous cycle.  How does it differ from the other cycles?         7. How have humans interfered with the Nitrogen and Phosphorous cycles?  What are the results of this?         8. Define Oligotrophic and Eutrophic with respect to water supplies? Other Websites of interest: Water topics-         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution         Water science for schools         http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/NPS/whatis.html         http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0465.html         http://science.howstuffworks.com/h2o1.htm http://www.scorecard.org/community/index.tcl?zip_code=27410&set_community_zipcode_cookie_p=t&x=52&y=6         http://www.american.edu/ted/aral.htm         http://nc.sierraclub.org/medoc/environment/water.htm         http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uh164.pdf Climate Change, Global Warming and Carbon Cycle         http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/pastcc.html         http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentcc.html         http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/futurecc.html         http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/stateofknowledge.html         http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/index.html         http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/index.html         http://www.climatehotmap.org/         http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html#Q9         http://www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/NorthCarolina.pdf http://www.environmentnorthcarolina.org/news-releases/global-warming/global-warming/new-report-north-carolina-is-getting-hotter        http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/531987.html         Mercury Pollution         http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wsn.org/issues/merccycle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wsn.org/issues/mercurypollutioncycle.html&h=439&w=671&sz=39&tbnid=jkuwx1iNnd363M::&tbnh=90&tbnw=138&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmercury%2Bpollution&hl=en&usg=__RugWyfpwhkdKj5YV_c3J0B_jrUg=&ei=HOrMSeOJJ9_rlQeG3NXfCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=7&ct=image&cd=1         http://leahy.senate.gov/issues/environment/mercury/index.html         http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/08/060811191845.htm         http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/effects.asp         http://www.american.edu/TED/MINAMATA.HTM         Acid Rain         http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/acidrain.html         http://leahy.senate.gov/issues/environment/ca_stats.html         http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Acid_Rain-WSAA1521C2-1_En.htm         Photochemical Smog and ozone pollution         http://www.smogcity.com/welcome.htm         http://www.environmentnorthcarolina.org/in-the-news/clean-air/clean-air/belews-plant-releases-tons-of-toxins-in-triad         http://www.duke-energy.com/newsarchives/2004/Feb/2004020301.asp         http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=health2.index         http://www.epa.gov/ozone/         Tropical Rain Forest Deforestation         http://rain-tree.com/         http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/deforestation-the-hidden-cause-of-global-warming-448734.html         http://www.nationalgeographic.com/eye/deforestation/effect.html         http://www.livescience.com/environment/090109-bts-deforestation.html         Desertification         http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/envFacts/facts/desertification.htm         http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6247802.stm                  Overpopulation         http://www.nationalgeographic.com/eye/overpopulation/overpopulationintro.html         http://www.beltramiswcd.org/Aquatic%20Biology/Human%20Population%20Growth.jpg         http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population/World%20Population%20Growth%20to%202050.JPG         http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html         http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html ________________________________________________________________________ Unit 8- Gas exchange and homeostasis Reading Assignments: Chap 3- pgs28-29 Acids, bases, and buffers Chapter 40- pgs 702- hemoglobin, 703-707 Comparing animal systems 708-709 gas exchange and transport, 712 control of respiration, 714-715-high climbers and deep divers. Movie- PBS Everest Websites:         Bohr Effect         http://www.rsc.org/education/teachers/learnnet/cfb/transport.htm         https://sharepoint.cisat.jmu.edu/isat/klevicca/Web/hemoglobin_papers/bohr%20effect.doc         http://www.ventworld.com/resources/oxydisso/oxydisso.html         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen-haemoglobin_dissociation_curve         High Altitude Physiology         http://teachingcases.hematology.org/broudy/Erythroprotein.cfm         http://www.altitude.org/air_pressure.php         http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114067/         http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/exposure/epilogue.html         http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0224_040225_evolution_2.html         http://www.factmonster.com/spot/everest2.html         http://www.mnteverest.net/history.html         Diving adaptations         http://www.cdli.ca/~dpower/resp/adapt~1.htm         http://www.uwrf.edu/biology/electives_dir/444_dir/VSmith/Page1.html         http://deepseanews.com/2009/04/deep-diving-adaptations-of-leatherback-turtles/ Review ques 1. Define pH.  what is an acid? what is a base? 2. How are pH levels maintained at a fairly constant level in the bloodstream? 3. What do changes in pH do to the structure and activity of proteins like enzymes? 4. How are pH levels maintained by compartmentalization as in the human digestive system or in a cellular lysosome? 5. What is a buffer and how does it work? 6. Explain the bicarbonate buffer system in your bloodstream and how it reacts to changes in pH. 7. How is oxygen transported through the human body? 8. What makes oxygen enter the body at the lungs? What makes carbon dioxide leave? 9. What are the properties of a good gas exchange surface? (see Fick's Law of diffusion) 10. In what ways is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? 11. What enzyme catalyzes the formation of bicarbonate? 12. Discuss the Bohr effect, its impact on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, and its importance to oxygen delivery. 13. How do fish compensate for the fact that there is a much lower concentration of oxygen in the water as compared with the air? 14. Discuss positive and negative pressure breathing in amphibians and mammals. 15. How do small organisms obtain their oxygen?  How do amphibians add to the oxygen obtained by their lungs? 16. How do bird lungs work? Why are they more efficient than yours? 17. What role do surfactants play in lung physiology? 18. How does "respiration" ie. gas exchange differ from cellular "aerobic respiration".  What do they have in common? 19. What are the symptoms of altitude sickness? 20. What evolutionary adaptations allow organisms to live at high altitudes? 21. How does the human body acclimate to higher altitudes? 22. Discuss the adaptations that allow diving mammals such as whales, seals, and sea turtles to dive deeper and remain there longer than other animals. 23. What is the diving reflex? 24. What happens to the pH of your blood stream when you hypoventilate? When you hyperventillate?  How does your body detect these changes, and how does it respon Review questions due-April 13th Test on Respiration and Circulation- April 15th BIOETHICS PAPER-FINAL DRAFT DUE APRIL 18-20         turn in a hard copy and your literature cited along with your rough draft (my edited version)         email electronic version of paper and links to all sources used in the paper Frog recording project due April 18th 1. 30 minute recording         2. Report                 a. What frogs are found in Piedmont of North Carolina?                 b. Why do the spend so much energy singing?                 c. Which ones mate early in the spring, which ones later?                 d. Why do they sing at different times?  (look up reproductive isolation mechanisms)         3. What frog did you record?  (listen to websites like Frogwatch)          UNIT 9- MACROMOLECULES-Structure and Function-Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Read chap 3- Carbon Compounds in Cells pg 32-49         Chap 4-pg 52-53- phospholipids and proteins in cell membranes         Chap 5-pg 76-79- protein function in cell membranes         Chap 6- pg 94-99- enzyme structure and function         Chap 13- pg 210-211- DNA structure and Function         Chap 39-pg 688- Antibody Structure and function         Chap 37- pg 648-651- Contractile proteins in muscle contraction Websites:         http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/biomolecules.html         http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/default.htm         http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macromol/controls.html         http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e17/17.htm         http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/biochemistry/lipids.html         http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/19/concept/index.html         http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtTxtJml/lipids.htm Lab         http://samson.kean.edu/~breid/enzyme/enzyme.html TEST- REVIEW QUESTIONS-Due 2days before test- 1. Why are there so many kinds of organic compounds, considering that most of the ones in our bodies are made only of C,H,O,N,P, and S? 2. What kinds of molecules are characterized by the following functional groups?         a. COOH         b. NH2         c. PO4         d. SH         e. OH 3. Which molecules are built from the following monomers?         a. monosaccharides         b. amino acids         c. 3 fatty acids and glycerol         d. 2 fatty acids, phosphate, and a polar head         e. nucleotides         f.  isoprene units 4. Discuss the relationship between structure and function in organic molecules. 5. How are monomers joined together?  How are they torn apart? 6. What are the three common isomers of glucose?  How do they differ? 7. What monosaccharides are found in the following disaccharides?         a. sucrose         b. lactose         c. maltose 8. How do starch and glycogen differ from cellulose in stucture and function? 9. How does amylopectin differ from glycogen? 10. Why can't we digest chitin and cellulose? 11. How can cows digest grass even though they do not have the cellulase enzyme to do so? 12. What property do all lipids share? Why? 13. How do unsaturated fats differ from saturated fats? 14. What are "trans fatty acids"? How and why are they made and why are they bad for you? What does partially hydrogenated mean? 15. What do all steroids have in common? 16, What role do triglycerides and cholesterol play in the development of heart disease? 17. Why do fats contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates and proteins? 18. What are the uses of fats? 19. How does the structure of a phospholipid contibute to membrane function? 20. What are the functions of glycolipids and glycoproteins in living organisms? 21. What are the main functions of terpenes in living organisms? 22.What is meant by the term "protein specificity"? 23. Discuss the four levels of protein structure and the forces that make each happen. 24. What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA? 25. What are the other uses for nucleotides besides the construction of nucleic acids? 26. How does DNA serve as a code for a protein? 27. How do artificial sweeteners work?  Are they safe to use? 28. Why do you think that all living organisms use various versions of these same macromolecules in their cellular chemistry? 29. How does DNA differ from RNA in structure and function? UNIT 10-DNA Structure and Function, Replication and Protein Synthesis         READ-Chapter 3- pgs 46 and 47         READ- Chapters 13 and 14                 History of discovery of DNA- Elegant Experiments pg208-209, 216                 Review DNA Structure- pg 210-211                 DNA Replication-pg 212-213                 Transcription- pg 220-221                 The Genetic Code-222                 Other RNAs- pg 223                 Translation-224-228         DNA Replication                 http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/JWANAMAKER/animations/DNA%20Replication%20-%20long%20.html         http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0         http://www.ncc.gmu.edu/dna/replicat.htm         http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/replication/replication.htm         Transcription                 http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a2.html                 http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/                 http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a2.html                 http://www.csuchico.edu/~jbell/Biol207/animations/transcription.html                 http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/lifecyclemrna.html                                        http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/lifecycleprotein.html         RNA Processing         http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/mRNAsplicing.html         http://www.google.com/search?q=rna+processing+and+editing&hl=en&rls=GGLR,GGLR:2005-40,GGLR:en&start=10&sa=N         http://www.web-books.com/MoBio/Free/Ch5A4.htm         Protein synthesis         http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/         http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302         http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html         http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPROTSYn.html         http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/protein_synthesis.php         http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/protein%20synthesis%20-%20long.html         http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo&feature=related         http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5vH4Q_tAkY&NR=1         http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302         http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/translation/translation.htm         http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/polyribosomes.html         http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/lifecycleprotein.html         Review Questions         1. What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?         2. What are the other uses for nucleotides besides the construction of nucleic acids?         3. How does DNA serve as a code for a protein?         4. How does DNA differ from RNA in structure and function?         5. How do purines differ from pyrimidines?         6. What holds the nitrogen base pairs together?         7. What holds the sides of the DNA ladder together?         8. What did Griffith's transformation experiment prove?         9. What are Chargaff's rules?         10. What did Hammerling learn by transplanting stalks in Acetabularia?         11. What did Briggs and King learn by transplanting frog nuclei?         12. What happened in the Hershey-Chase blender experiments?         13. How did Avery confirm Griffith's findings?         14. What was Rosalind Franklin's contribution to DNA research?         15. What did Watson and Crick learn about DNA?         16. What did Meselson and Stahl discover about DNA replication?         17. What does it mean when I say that the two sides of DNA are antiparallel and complimentary?         18. Why is DNA Replication described as being semiconservative?         19. How is DNA copied or replicated?                 a. What is the replication origin?                 b. What is the replication fork?                 c. What is the leading strand?                 d. What is the lagging strand?                 e. Why must each strand be built in opposite directions?                 f. What enzymes carry out DNA replication?                 g. What are Okazaki fragments?         20.  What enzymes are used during the replication of DNA?         21. How did Beadle and Tatum come up with the idea that each gene codes for a   different protein?         22.  Why and How do cells make mRNA?         23. How does transcription differ from translation?         24. Why is the DNA code known as the triplet code?         25. How is mRNA edited and modified before leaving the nucleus?         26. How is mRNA translated into protein by the ribosome?          PROTEIN SYNTHESIS QUIZ- THURSDAY, MAY 14 DNA REVIEW QUESTIONS DUE- FRIDAY, MAY 15 FINAL UNIT TEST- DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION- MAY 20          UNIT 11- Cell Division and Genetics         READ Chap. 9- How Cells Reproduce-pg 141-152         READ Chap 10- Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction-pg154-166         READ Chap 11-Genetics- pg 170-177         Fruit Fly Lab Analysis         Cell cycle                 http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm         Mitosis                 http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm                 http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/cell_division/wf_review_fs.html                 http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/cell_division/onion_review_fs.html                 http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/         Meiosis                 http://www.cellsalive.com/meiosis.htm                 http://www.biology.arizona.edu/CELL_BIO/tutorials/meiosis/main.html                 http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio17.swf Review Guide:         How did we find out that the genetic material is DNA, not Protein                 Chargaff, Hershey-Chase, Griffith         Describe the cell cycle and why it must be controlled         Explain the process of DNA replication and the enzymes involved         What is meant by the term "semiconservative replication"         How was semiconservative replication proven?         Describe the stages of mitosis         How does plant mitosis differ from animal mitosis?         What are homologous chromosomes?         What are Chromatid pairs?         Describe the stages of meiosis         How do crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes contribute to variety in organisms?         What is a tetrad?         What is synapsis and when does it happen?         When is the chromosome number reduced from diploid to haploid during meiosis?         How is DNA transcribed into mRNA?         What is the triplet code?         How is mRNA processed before leaving the nucleus?         What is the purpose of the cap and tail added to mRNA?         What does a spliceosome do to mRNA?         How does translation take place at the ribosomes?         What is the function of transfer RNA?         Can you convert a hypothetical DNA code into an amino acid sequence? Unit 12- Genetics?????